Tag: sciatica

My Back Hurts

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Do I have a serious back problem?

Fortunately, most low back pain episodes fall under the category of non specific low back pain. As our previously blog post discussed there is a very good chance that you’ll experience back pain at some point in your life.

Some conditions can produce back pain that are more urgent to medically assess and treat. While statistically they don’t occur frequently, they fall into one of these categories:

 

Spinal Cord compression

In most people the spinal cord ends just above your low back. A group of peripheral nerves continue down through the rest of your spine known as the cauda equina for their resemblance to a horse’s tail. If either the spinal cord or the cauda equina are being compromised your symptoms will include:

  • Loss of sensation in your “saddle” the area that you wipe after going to the bathroom
  • A new change in your ability to hold in your feces or urine. Specifically, the inability to properly empty your bladder or a bowel and bladder that spontaneous empties when full without you being able to control it
  • Loss of sensation of both legs
  • Inability to control the muscles of your legs

 

Infections

Spinal infections are another potential serious source of low back pain. These symptoms will generally be associated with a fever and a history of infection. They are more common if you are immune compromised or use intravenous medication.

 

Cancer

Cancer of the spine can cause pain. The cancer can cause destruction of bone leading to bone pain. Cancer causing back pain can be ruled out if you’ve had no past medical history of cancer.  If you have had a history of cancer, are experiencing a new episode of low back, are experiencing a significant amount of unintended weight loss and pain that wakes you up at night, your doctor will refer you for an MRI to rule this out as a source of back pain. 

 

Fracture

If you are a healthy adult a spinal fracture requires significant traumatic force.  This can occur with a fall from a significant height or a motor vehicle accident.  If you have osteoporosis then large amount of forces are not required to fracture your spine.  In either of these cases your doctor will order an X-ray to rule out a fracture.

 

I don’t have those

Middle arrow of facet joint pointing to fracture of pars interarticularisThat’s a good thing! Just because you don’t have the above, or if they’ve been ruled out, it doesn’t minimize the back symptoms you have. The first step is to give back pain some time to improve. Try and keep moving as much as you are able to pain free. 

Most episodes of back pain will have a direction if preference. Some structures, like the spinal facet joints, when aggravated, become more painful when standing and feel better with sitting. Exercises such as biking would become a good way to maintain your fitness while respecting your pain.

Other areas like the muscles of the back, discs and ligaments often prefer positions of standing. Exercise that maintain back extension would be the best start and could include walking or swimming. 

 

Shouldn’t I get an MRI to see what’s going on?

Numerous studies have shown that in early stages, MRIs become important to rule out the above emergencies and urgent problems. The amount of “problems” found on X-Rays and MRIs increase as we age, but that doesn’t mean that these discovered problems are the source of your symptoms.  MRIs also become necessary if the worst pain is leg pain and not improving with conservative management. At that point an MRI will determine if you are a candidate for back surgery to take pressure off of the affected nerves.

Studies show that early imaging increases the number of surgeries performed but in the long term shows no benefit over those in a conservative treatment program.

 

I don’t want surgery but the pain isn’t going away

Video appointments are easy and can help you now with your pain

If your pain is continuing for more than 2 weeks then conservative management becomes the next strategy. With social distancing, this will likely involve a video consultation. If you’ve ever used the internet then you have the tools for a video consultation.

Your physiotherapist will take a detailed history to determine what factors may need to be addressed including past injuries and limitations. Various movement tests, nerve tests and joint tests can be performed without hands on touch to determine the best way to reduce your pain and get you back to normal. You will be taught exercises to reduce the pain and improve your function. 

During social distancing these sessions may be done online. A tailored program to address your pain, core strength and areas contributing to your symptoms will be prescribed.

 

 

Call to get help with your back pain

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Family Physiotherapy, assessing and treating persistent injuries and pains for the residents of Thornhill, Markham and Vaughan

The physiotherapists at Family Physiotherapy have been providing high quality assessment and treatment techniques using safe and evidence based techniques to the residents of Thornhill, Markham, Richmond Hill, Woodbridge, Vaughan and Toronto. Our therapists are continually upgrading their skills and take the time to provide you with the one on one care necessary to quickly get you back to the activities you love doing.  Comprehensive assessment and treatment techniques are always one on one without the use of assistants or double booking patients to make sure that you achieve your functional and sports goals as soon as possible.  Our therapists would be happy to help you to achieve your goals, contact the clinic to schedule a consultation to get you back on track.  Don’t let pain ruin your day!

 

 

References

Chou R. et al. “Diagnosis and Treatment of Low Back Pain: A joint Clinical Guideline from the American College of Physicians and the Pain Society” Annals of Internal Medicine 2007; 147: 478-91

Health Care Guideline: Adult Acute and Subacute Low Back Pain Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement January 2012 (15th ed.)

Jacobs W. et al “Surgery vs conservative management of sciatica due to a lumbar herniated disc: a systematic review” European Spine Journal 2011; 20: 513-22

 

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Located in Thornhill we are conveniently located near Markham, Richmond Hill and North York.

2300 John Street Unit #7 Thornhill, Ontario

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Low back pain Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis

Posted on by physiodarryl16082

 

 

What are Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis?

Middle arrow of facet joint pointing to fracture of pars interarticularisSpondylolysis is a primary stress fracture of the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch.  In the image to the right, this region is seen as the middle arrow of the facet joint region. The fifth and fourth lumbar vertebra are most often involved.  The defect itself can occur on one or both sides of the vertebra. When it occurs on both sides, the angle of the sacral base can promote a forward slippage of the vertebra, resulting in a spondylolisthesis. In an average population, the incidence of spondylolisthesis can be as high as 11.5% (Kalichman 2009).  Among an athletic adolescent population with low back pain, the incidence of spondylolysis was found to be as high as 47% (Micheli 1994).

 

Subtypes of Spondylolisthesis

Spodylolisthesis can be further classified according to it’s type.  5 subtypes are often described.

Type I: Dysplastic Spondylolisthesis

Dysplastic spondylolisthesis is a congenital lesion of the sacral base or the L5.  These abnormal congenital changes don’t provide resistance to forward shearing of the vertebra.

 

Type II: Isthmic Spondylolisthesis

Isthmic spondylolisthesis develops due to a defect in the pars interarticularis. This subtype is typically caused by a fatigue fracture of the pars interarticularis and are usually seen between the ages of 5 and 50.

 

Type III: Degenerative Spondylolisthesis

The degenerative type of spondylolisthesis occurs in response to long standing intersegmental instability. Due to their degenerative nature, this type is rarely seen under the age of 50.

 

Type IV: Traumatic Spondylolisthesis

Traumatic type spondylolisthesis occurs due to an acute fracture of a structure other than the pars interarticularis.  This type of spondylolisthesis is almost always due to a severe trauma.

 

Type V: Pathological Spondylolisthesis

In the case of pathological spondylolisthesis, integrity of the verterbra has been compromised due to a local or generalized bone disease.

 

Classification of Spondylolisthesis

Spondylolisthesis is commonly classified according to the Meyerding scale.  This scale describes the percentage migration of the upper vertebra on the lower vertebra.

  • Grade 1: Translation less than 25%
  • Grade 2: Translation between 26% – 50%
  • Grade 3: Translation between 51% – 75%
  • Grade 4: Translation between 76% – 100%

 

Do you have Spondylolisthesis?

Most patients with spondylolisthesis will complain of low back pain, much like other sources of back pain that were discussed in a previous blog post.  Nerve symptoms may also be present, which your physiotherapist should check for during the initial consultation.  Your symptoms will often worsen throughout the day and with severe stenosis there may be reports of changes in bowel and bladder function.  Leg symptoms may be present and will typically reduce with rest or flexed spinal postures.  These nerve symptoms may affect one or both sides.

Moeller et al showed that the incidence of symptoms in a spondylolisthesis population were:

  • Low back pain with sciatica 62%
  • Low back pain only 31%
  • Sciatica only 7%
  • 68% lumbosacral tenderness
  • Reduced lateral bending 46%
  • Hamstring tightness 22%

 

What is the Treatment for Spondylolisthesis?

Conservative management for spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis is the primary treatment strategy before surgical options are considered.  One qualitative meta-analysis of children and young adults with non surgical management of spondylosis and spondylolisthesis suggested 83.9% of patients treated non-operatively showed a successful clinical outcome after at least 1 year (Klein 2009). Physiotherapy interventions have been shown to be moderately effective in the treatment of low-grade spondylolisthesis (McNeely 2003). Specific treatment protocols have included:

  • The use of spinal flexion exercises being more beneficial on pain reduction as compared with extension exercises (Sinaki 1989)
  • Abdominal strengthening exercises in the absence of neurological or autonomic involvement (McNeely 2003)
  • Specific segmental training of the transversus abdominus and co-activation of transversus abdominus with segmental lumbar multifidus with progression to limb loading strategies and functional positions (O’Sullivan 1997)
  • General strengthening, stretching and motor control exercises (Hardwick 2012)

 

What Should I do?

The first step in conservative management should be to get an appropriate assessment by a physiotherapist with the training and experience to assess your symptoms.  This includes a thorough and detailed history of your symptoms, measures to determine nerve involvement and assessment of muscle strength to develop an appropriate treatment plan for you.  Treatment may include manual therapy techniques to improve movement of neighbouring stiff regions, core exercises to improve and reduce your symptoms and education on management strategies.

 

Not Sure Where to Start?

Our team of physiotherapists and massage therapists have training and experience to thoroughly assess your symptoms.  We can help you get you get your back symptoms under control.  Call or email us for more information!

 

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Call to take the first step

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Email us to book a consultation

 

References:

Hardwick D, Tierney D, Fein C, Reinmann S, Donaldson M. Outcomes of strengthening approaches in the treatment of low-grade spondylolisthesis.  Physical Therapy Reviews 2012; 17(5): 284-91

Kalichman L, Kim DH, Li L, Guermazi A, Berkin V, Hunter DJ. Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis Prevalence and Association with Low Back Pain in the Adult Community-Based Population.  Spine. 2009 34(2):199–205

Klein G, Mehlman CT, McCarty M. Nonoperative Treatment of Spondylolysis and Grade I Spondylolisthesis in Children and Young Adults A Meta-analysis of Observational Studies. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2009; 29(2):146-56

McNeely ML, Torrance G, Magee DJ. A systematic review of physiotherapy for spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis.  Manual Therapy 2003; 8(2): 80-91

Micheli L, Wood R. Back pain in young athletes: significant differences from adults in causes and pattern.  Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine 1995; 149(1): 15-18

Moller H, Sundin A, Hedlund R. Symptoms, Signs and Functional Disability in Adult Spondylolisthesis.  Spine 2000; 25(6): 683-9

O’Sullivan PB, Twomey LT, Allison GT. Evaluation of specific stabilization exercises in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiological diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine, 1997; 22(24): 2959-67

Sinaki M, Lutness MP, Duane D, M. Ilstrup M, Chu CP, Gramse RR. Lumbar Spondylolisthesis: Retrospective Comparison and Three-Year Follow-Up of Two Conservative Treatment Programs.  Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.  1989; 70: 594-98

 

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2300 John Street Unit #7 Thornhill, Ontario

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Low back pain Thornhill and Markham

Posted on by physiodarryl16082

 

 

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Low back pain

Incidence of low back pain

Low back pain is a common complaint.  A recent study has shown that the incidence of low back pain in the population ranges from 38% to 70% of an adult population.

Anatomy of the low back

The low back typically refers to the joints and tissues of the lumbar spine. This area represents the bottom 5 spinal vertebra (bones) between the thoracic spine and the sacrum (triangular bone in the pelvis). The vertebra are connected by the intervertebral discs. The back side of the vertebra are connected by symmetrical joints on either side, which are known as the zygoapophyseal (z-joints or facet joints more commonly).   A good analogy is to think of a tricycle.  The front tire represents the bone and disc while the back tires represent the joints.

Between the bones of the spine there are situated many ligaments that guide and restrict movements.  Further control of movement occurs actively through the coordinated contraction of the trunk muscles, in some cases before movement has occurred.  These muscles include some of the muscles of the abdominals and the muscles of the back more commonly known as the paraspinal muscles.

Between the bones of the back there are also nerve roots that exit to supply the muscles and tissues of the low back, hips, legs and feet.

 

What is the source of low back pain

There can be numerous causes of low back pain.

Low back pain from muscle strains

One of the most common sources of low back pain is local pain from one of the many muscles of the low back or muscles that refer pain to the low back.  The pain may have been caused by one activity such as occurs when lifting a heavy object or may have occurred after doing a repetitive task such or playing a sport.  Muscle pain is generally felt when the muscles are either contracted or stretched.

Low back pain from Nerves

Neurogenic pain refers to a pain due to an injury to the nerve or nervous system of the low back.  The pain can often be described as electrical and may shoot or jump to a different area.  Significant compression of a nerve root can result in the loss of sensation to further away regions of the body including the leg or foot.  If the nerve root supplies the muscles of the leg then one of the symptoms may include a giving out of the muscles when stress is placed on the nerve.  The affected area can be further away from the source of pain is generally felt when pressure is put on the nerve with standing postures, twisting or in some cases with prolonged sitting or stretching.

Low back pain from the Facet Joint

Pain symptoms elicited from the joints of the spine is commonly known as facet pain.  The pain often is at the low back but can radiate to the back of the thighs as well.  Postures that create compression of the region can elicit symptoms, this can be as extreme as carrying heavy weight on the shoulders or as mild as standing upright for long periods of time.  This area is often negatively affected by restrictions of movement in the shoulders, hips and knees.  The common position of ease is typically sitting down or leaning on the arms.  There is often an associated muscle weakness of the hip which is often felt when getting out of a chair.

 

Low back pain from the Disc

The lumbar disc provides restraints to excessive amounts of bending and twisting.  In younger spines the disc has a high water content and is vulnerable to injuries that involve sustained bending of the spine with or without twisting.  Injures to discs are often described as herniations or protrusions.  If the injury is large enough there can be pressure placed on the exiting nerve root which can result in nerve pain radiating into the low back and different parts of the leg.  Symptoms usually worsen in bent forward positions which can include sustained sitting.  With irritation of disc pain pain often radiates, or peripheralizes, away from the injured structure.  Often people with disc pain need to stand up to make the pain reduce.  This is often felt as a reduction of peripheral symptoms making you more aware of pain at the injured disc.  This phenomenon is know as centralization of pain and needs to occur for the disc to heal.

 

Other causes of low back pain

  • Soft tissue strains due to poor posture and muscle imbalances
  • Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis
  • Trauma to the tissues or joints
  • Bone pain from loss of bone density
  • Joint pain from abnormal loading of the joint
  • Organ pain referral to the low back such as occurs with kidney stones
  • Emotional or psychogenic pain

 

Risk factors for low back pain

Some episodes of low back can’t be avoided.  However there are some factors that can increase your likelihood of having an episode of low back pain.  In one study these were found to include:

  • limping during the first few steps
  • hip/knee pain during sitting
  • overall widespread pain were associated with the first incident low back pain
  • having had a prior low back pain
  • having another current other musculoskeletal complaints
  • Men and women with prior low back pain were more inclined to report incident low back pain
  • Individuals older than 70 years with strength that was more than 50% within the same population

What can be done about low back pain

Manual therapy for low back pain
Family physiotherapy serving Markham and Thornhill

 

 

 

 

 

If you are experiencing low back pain the first step is identifying how to reduce your pain.  In some cases you will instinctively move or adopt positions to reduce the pain, but if there are multiple causes of low back pain then the easing position is not always apparent.  Often professional advice by on the proper way to move or sustain a position of the spine will help to reduce the pain that you are experiencing.  This should be done by a physiotherapist with training in spinal pain and conditions.  Part of the assessment by your physiotherapist should include a detailed history including previous injuries and medical condition, changes in activity or office setup in the months preceding the pain.  Often a series of movements of the spine can be given to help to continue to reduce the pain that you are experiencing.  For most low back pain a comprehensive physiotherapy assessment will be able to determine the cause and appropriate treatment for pain.  In most cases X-Rays and MRIs are not required unless back pain symptoms have been resistant to appropriate conservative treatment including core retraining and a flexibility program.

As your symptoms reduce in intensity the next step becomes to identify areas of restricted mobility, strength or poor posture that may have led to the development of the pain in the first place.  These can include simple body weight or weighted exercises or may involve flexibility or ergonomic advice.  If your goal is to return to sport or higher level activities there should be a transition to more sport related exercises and flexibility programs.

 

Prehab for low back pain

Muscle imbalances, lost mobility and strength deficits are most easily addressed and at a much lower cost if you are not currently in pain.  The proactive approach is to check out your problem areas before your next flare-up hits.  Don’t limit your daily routines and activities because of past pain.  

 

Related Posts:

 

Not Sure Where to Start?

Our team of physiotherapists, massage therapists and naturopathic doctors have training and experience to help get you get your symptoms under control and to prevent recurrence.  Call or email us for more information!

 

 

Family Physiotherapy, assessing and treating sports injuries for the residents of Thornhill, Markham and Vaughan

 

The physiotherapists at Family Physiotherapy have been providing high quality assessment and treatment techniques using safe and evidence based techniques to the residents of Thornhill, Markham, Richmond Hill, Woodbridge, Vaughan and Toronto. Our therapists are continually upgrading their skills and take the time to provide you with the one on one care necessary to quickly get you back to the activities you love doing.  Comprehensive assessment and treatment techniques are always one on one without the use of assistants or double booking patients to make sure that you achieve your functional and sports goals as soon as possible.  Our therapists would be happy to help you to achieve your goals, call the clinic to schedule a consultation to get you back on track.  Don’t let pain ruin your day!

 

 

Contact Us

Located in Thornhill we are conveniently located near Markham, Richmond Hill and North York.

2300 John Street Unit #7 Thornhill, Ontario

Contact Us Today

 

 

 

Sports Injury – Hamstring Strains

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Getting you back into the game after a Hamstring Strain

By Sarah Makary, PT

The seasons of hockey and football are upon us. But whether your sport is hockey, football, basketball, soccer or rugby, you are more susceptible to getting a hamstring strain from these sports. Hamstring strains are the most common type of sport injury and can keep you out of your sport for a long time if not treated appropriately.  Let’s break it down a little further:

What are the Hamstrings?

The hamstring muscle is a group of muscles (3) crossing two joints, your hip and knee, and is located at the back of your thigh. It originates from the lower back portion of your pelvis and attaches to the back of your tibia (shinbone). This muscle allows you to mainly bend your knee and extend your hip. Hamstrings play a key role in many functional movements such as walking, running and jumping.  During walking, the hamstring is responsible for decelerating the shinbone to control how much the knee straightens just before the foot strikes the ground. This places an eccentric load on the muscle.

 

What is a Hamstring Strain?

A strain is when the fibres in a muscle are over-lengthened and can result in a tear if severe. There are three different grades to diagnose the severity of the strain:

hamstring-muscleGrade 1 (overstretch) – micro tears in the muscle, mild pain, minimal loss of strength.
Grades 2 (partial tear) – 50% of the muscle fibres are torn, significant pain and moderate loss of strength.
Grade 3 (complete tear)– Complete tear of the muscle, significant loss of strength.

 

How do hamstring strains happen?

Typically, hamstring strains occur when an eccentric load is placed on the muscle. An eccentric load is when the muscle is lengthening while it is contracting instead of shortening. Hamstring strains can occur in either two ways: sprint or stretch related.

hamstring strains
hamstring strains

During sprinting, the hamstring works extra hard to decelerate the shinbone at higher speeds. As the foot is nearing the ground, it is at this point that the tear can occur. A strain can especially occur with a sudden stop while sprinting. Sprinting-related hamstring tears usually happen lower down the thigh, in the long head of the biceps femoris muscle, at the point where the muscle joins the tendon.

Stretch-related hamstring tears occur higher up at the back of the thigh in the tendon of the semimembranosus muscle. Stretch-related injuries can result when the hip is bent while the knee is extended, such as when a football player performs a long kick.

What are predisposing factors?

Factors that can increase your risk of a hamstring strain include:

  • Poor low back posture; can cause the hamstring to be taught, therefore putting it at risk for injury with any extra stretch on the muscle during play
  • Previous injury to the area
  • Lack of flexibility
  • Poor strength
  • Poor warm up prior to engaging in sport
  • Strength imbalance between the quadriceps (front thigh muscle) and hamstring

What does a Hamstring Strain Feel like?

A Hamstring strain can produce one or more of the following symptoms:

  • Sudden pain in the back of your thigh
  • Tender and painful to touch
  • Bruising in the area
  • An audible pop
  • Difficult to walk or run after the onset of pain

If you experience these symptoms, your doctor may refer you to get an ultrasound or MRI to confirm the severity of the strain and ask you to see a Physiotherapist. At this point your Physiotherapist will perform a thorough assessment to help diagnose and treat your symptoms.

Treatment of a Hamstring Strain

In the acute stages of treatment, rest, ice, compression and elevation are recommended in order to control inflammation and provide a good environment for continued repair. After the acute stage, your rehabilitation program should include the following:

Early mobilisation

Early mobilization and weight bearing as tolerated improve scar tissue formation and help to reduce future stiffness.

Gentle stretches

Hands on treatment can improve flexibility and help with pain
Hands on treatment can improve flexibility and help with pain

Gentle stretches within pain free ranges encourage appropriate scar tissue formation and help to reduce pain.

Strengthening

Strengthening is important to avoid future injury. Beginning with isometric exercises and progressing to concentric muscle strengthening within pain free range of motion (ROM).

 

Eccentric training

Because forceful eccentric contractions are what caused the injury in the first place, Eccentric muscle training will be performed later in your rehabilitation once the muscle has healed. Beginning with a low volume (3-5 sets of 3 repetitions) and high frequency (3-4x per week) program. Eccentric training is vital in order to help the muscle fibres re-align properly and re-organize the pathways that control the muscle at such a high speed.

 

Sport-specific rehabilitation

Sport specific rehabilitation to return to play once pain free ROM and strength is attained. For example, a football player may begin by doing running and stopping exercises at short distances and slower speeds, gradually increasing as tolerated until matched with sport level. This type of training can also help with improving proprioception. Proprioception helps your muscles recognize how tense or stretched out it is, in order to respond appropriate to protect against any injury.

 

Maintain functional fitness

It is also important to maintain functional fitness throughout your entire program without aggravating the injury. Example: cycling, swimming and upper body weights. This will help you stay as conditioned as much as possible to get you back to your sport sooner.

 

When can I get back to play?

The question you most likely asked the second you were taken off the field, court or arena.
The information your physiotherapist obtains at the initial assessment can provide a good indication of the time till recovery. Typically, how you presented after injury is a good basis: studies have shown athletes who took more than 40 days had a pain score of more than 6, heard a popping sound injury, had pain during everyday activities for more than 3 days, bruising, and a loss of range of motion more than 15 degrees. The pain after injury and during every day activities was more strongly associated with time to recovery.

It is important that you do not push yourself too quickly. Depending on the severity of your strain, your bodies own healing factors and your compliance to your rehabilitation program will determine how long it takes for your injury to heal. Pushing yourself can result in re-injuring the muscle leading to further complications.

Your Physiotherapist will provide you with a sport-specific rehabilitation program and will clear you once you are ready to go back to play.

What can I do to prevent a Hamstring Strain?

Hamstring strains may be the most common sport injury, but just as there are a number of reasons that can make you susceptible to getting a hamstring strain, there are ways to prevent it from happening. These include:

  • Adequate warm up of the muscle to ensure good circulation and activation of the muscle
  • A gradual increase in intensity of no more than 10% per week in any given new activity or work out
  • Adequate flexibility
  • A sport-specific work out program to train your muscles for the demands placed on it

Remember, preventing a hamstring strain is much easier than healing one!

 

Related Posts:

 

 

How can a Physiotherapist help?

If you have experienced any of the symptoms listed above or know that you have a hamstring strain, a Physiotherapist can assess you to determine the severity and prognosis of your injury. As well as collaboratively develop goals for your individualized treatment.

If you do not have a hamstring strain, but are a current athlete or looking to begin playing a sport, a Physiotherapist can assess you for any predisposing factors and get you on an individualized pre-hab training program to prevent a hamstring strain injury from happening.

Here at Family Physiotherapy, we take pride in providing optimal patient care through a comprehensive assessment and creating individualized treatment plans. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any questions or concerns or would like to book an appointment about a new or chronic injury preventing you from attaining your fitness goals.

 

 

Family Physiotherapy, assessing and treating sports injuries for the residents of Thornhill, Markham and Vaughan

The physiotherapists at Family Physiotherapy have been providing high quality assessment and treatment techniques using safe and evidence based techniques to the residents of Thornhill, Markham, Richmond Hill, Woodbridge, Vaughan and Toronto. Our therapists are continually upgrading their skills and take the time to provide you with the one on one care necessary to quickly get you back to the activities you love doing.

 

 

References:
Comfort, P., & Abrahmson, E. (Eds.). (2010). Pathophysiology of Skeletal Muscle Injuries. In Sports Rehabilitation and Injury Prevention (pp. 73-75). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Guillodo, Y., Here-Dorignac, C., Thoribe, B., Madouas, G., Dauty, M., Tassery, F., & Saraux, A. (2014). Clinical Predictors of time to return to competition following hamstring injuries. Muscle Ligaments Tendons Journal, 4(3), pages 386-90.

Valle, X., Tol, J., Hamilton, B., Rodas, G., Malliaras, P., Malliaropoulos, N… Jardi, J. (2015). Hamstring Muscle Injuries, a Rehabilitation Protocol Purpose. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 6(4).